向日葵视频

Mostly correspondence regarding Cupeno Indians of Pala, California, and Pena Calac's concerns with family, the community, government, Catholic schools, and the military. Also included is school work by her brother, Nicolas J. Pena, while a student at the Sherman Institute.

Donated by Mary Hernandez, Pala, California, September 1996. Processed by Mark G. Thiel, CA (Certified Archivist), 1997.

Biographical Note

Juliana Pe帽a Calac (1893-1967) and her brother, Nicholas J. Pe帽a, were Cupe帽o Indians from Pala, California. Nicholas attended Carlisle Indian School (Carlisle, Pennsylvania) and the Sherman Institute (Riverside, California).

Scope and Content

Reformatted records: Records that have been microfilmed are so noted, most of which are available throughout the United States via interlibrary loan. These and other records are or can be made available in digital formats via email. Reformatting fees may apply. Ask an Archivist for details.

Series 1, Correspondence: Letters regarding Cupe帽o Indians of Pala, California, and Juliana Pena Calac's concerns with family, the community, government, Catholic schools, and the military. Also included is school work by her brother, Nicolas, while a student at the Sherman Institute. Correspondents include brother Nicolas and other relatives; Ambrosio Ortega (d. 1922), a Cupe帽o Indian leader; Reverend Florian B. Hahn, Superintendent of St. Boniface School (Banning, California); and various government officials. Notable among the community concerns were issues relating to Cupe帽o Indian land claims and water rights. A few letters were written in Spanish.

Series 2, Nicholas J. Pe帽a's School Work: Class work by Nicholas at the Sherman Institute.

Series 3, Note Books: Two volumes of correspondence and minutes of meetings that pertain to family, the community, and schools.

Series 4, Photography: Two black and white prints of unidentified individuals.

Series 5, Printed Materials: Publications and clippings relating to Indian rights and justice issues of interest to Cupe帽o Indians. For preservation purposes, The Indian, 1(1921): 4, Riverside, California, was separated from the collection and added to the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions Records, Series 14-1.

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